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Ten Per Cent Of US Adults Not Getting Enough Sleep, Survey The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) this week reported the results of a study based on a 2006 survey of four US states that suggests ten per cent of adult Americans are not getting enough daily rest or sleep. The study is published in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) dated the 29th of February. The ten per cent figure comes from a study based on the CDC???s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which covered the four states of Delaware, Hawaii, New York, and Rhode Island, and may not be typical of the US as a whole, said the CDC in a press statement. However, another study carried out by the CDC using data from the National Health Interview Study suggested that the proportion of adults of all ages who report sleeping six hours or less has gone up between 1985 and 2006, which would indicate that perhaps the BRFSS data is probably not too far off the mark. According to background information in the MMWR report, an estimated 50 to 70 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders and chronic loss of sleep, which leads to health problems such as obesity, depression, smoking, lack of physical activity and too much drinking. The study's lead author, who is a behavioural scientist at the CDC's Division of Adult and Community Health, Dr Lela R McKnight-Eily, said it was important to gain a better understanding of how sleep affects overall health and that steps should be taken to help people get enough sleep. "There are very few studies to assess and address sleep insufficiencies; therefore, more needs to done to better understand the problem and to develop effective sleep interventions," said McKnight-Eily. McKnight-Eily and colleagues analyzed data from the BRFSS 2006 survey. Among the four states, the proportion of adults who reported not getting enough sleep or rest every day in the last 30 days ranged from 8 per cent in Hawaii to 14 per cent in Delaware. Only one in three adults (29.6 per cent) reported getting enough rest or sleep every day in the past month. People worried about chronic lack of sleep should be assessed by their doctor and talk about possible treatment, for which there are a range of behavioural and medical options, said McKnight-Eily. Another way would be to stick to a regular sleep pattern and avoid stimulants like caffeine before retiring, she added. A 2006 report by the Institute of Medicine said work or lifestyle factors are probably to blame. Examples of reasons why people don't get enough sleep or have irregular sleep patterns include shift work, work overload, family demands, late night Internet surfing and TV viewing, and use of caffeine and alcohol. According to the National Sleep Foundation, most adults need between 7 and 9 hours sleep every night to feel fully rested. Children between 5 and 12 years of age need between 9 and 11 hours, while teenagers need between 8.5 and 9.5 hours, they suggest. The CDC study also found that the proportion of adults saying they were not getting enough sleep went down with age. They estimated 13.3 per cent of adults in the 18 to 34 bracket reported they were not getting enough rest or sleep every day in the past month compared with only 7.3 per cent aged 55 and over. This appears contrary to those studies that suggest more older adults have disturbed sleep, but supports other studies that say fewer older adults (who are also more likely to be retired) are bothered by impaired sleep and seem to adapt their perception of what constitutes enough. A possible limitation of the study was that definitions of enough sleep, and the difference between sleep and rest were not given in the survey, which left it to respondents to decide this for themselves. This subjective self-report method cannot be compared on a like for like basis to more objective studies that count how many hours people sleep every night. However, as a study of perceived lack or sufficiency or sleep, it is revealing. The timing of this information is no coincidence. Next week, March 3rd to 9th, is US National Sleep Awareness Week, a campaign held every year that coincides with Daylight Saving Time. "Perceived Insufficient Rest or Sleep - Four States, 2006." LR McKnight-Eily, LR Presley-Cantrell, TW Strine, DP Chapman, GS Perry, JB Croft, Div of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 29, 2008, Vol 57, No 8, pp 200-203. Click here for the MMWR that contains a summary of the study (PDF). Click here to visit the National Sleep Foundation and find out more about National Sleep Awareness Week. Click here for more information on the CDC's Sleep and Sleep Disorders Program. Source:CDC. Written by: Catharine Paddock, PhD Copyright: Medical News Today Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today
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Before you make your first visit to have Botox injections, you need to make sure that you understand the benefits and risks of Botox injections. While millions of Botox injections have been performed of the last few years, you still need to do your homework. Botox has proven that it is safe and effective with very few side effects. In this article, we will cover both the benefits and risks associated with Botox treatments and procedures. The primary benefits of Botox are obvious. The primary benefits are the purpose of Botox which is to remove wrinkles, frown lines, brow lines, and crow’s feet to name a few. Some don’t realize that Botox is also used very effectively in combination with other procedures like cosmetic and facial surgery, face lifts, and brow lifts. Botox treatments have proven to be safe but there are some side effects that patients have experienced after injections that you should be aware of. Some of the know side effects after the injections can be: Flu symptoms Temporary Headaches Temporary Nausea Tingling around the injection area Swelling or bruising around the injection area An allergic type reaction after the treatment Drooping Eye brow or Eyelid One of keys in limiting the side effects from your Botox treatments is having a qualified Botox surgeon perform the procedure. If the proper injection techniques are used, the client will typically have less side effects. While where are some mild risks, the benefits typically outweigh them. For the most part the side effects are very mild. After your injection you will want to avoid rubbing for up to 12 weeks. This can cause irritation and discomfort. Before you treatments, you will also want to sit down with your cosmetic surgeon and go over any and all prescription medication you are taking. Some of the known side effects are with Alzheimer’s drugs, heart medications, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory medications. It is crucial you give your surgeon a full accounting. You should also avoid Botox procedures if you are pregnant or nursing. These procedures are not recommended for those that have any neuro-muscular diseases. One other helpful item for your physician will be your complete medical history. This will help him assess the situation with all the information at hand. You must remember that Botox is a drug, not just a cosmetic. Millions of people have had great success with Botox. While we have listed the side effects and risks, the benefits are still great. Many people have been ecstatic with their results. It has a large impact on their self confidence and self esteem in eliminating those wrinkles and feeling young again. Bottom line, if you are considering Botox treatments make sure you consider the side effects and provide your cosmetic surgeon a complete medical history. Source: Free Articles from ArticlesFactory.com
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While calcium balance may be the most well-known role of vitamin D, this molecule --through VDR binding-- regulates many functions including immunity and cell growth and thus has diverse therapeutic potential. However, while vitamin D-based drugs are effective against some cancers and microbial infections, the risk of excess blood calcium has limited their clinical use. Bile acids, compounds secreted from the liver that aid in digestion, can also bind to the VDR, though not as strongly. However, Makoto Makishima and colleagues found that derivates of the bile acid LCA (lithocolic acid) are very potent VDR activators. Interestingly, though, these acids did not induce the expression of calcium channels in various cell types. The researchers then compared the effects of orally-fed vitamin D or LCA derivatives on mice; they found that LCA could promote VDR activation in mice without causing calcium buildup and weight loss that was observed in vitamin D animals. This study suggests bile acid derivates might have solid clinical potential. This research was recently published in The Journal Of Lipid Research. Adapted from materials provided by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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The findings, by University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory researchers Michael Simpson and Roy Dar, with colleague Leor Weinberger who led the research at the University of California, San Diego, reveal new information about how a critical genetic switch in the virus operates. They are published as a letter in the upcoming issue of Nature Genetics. When HIV infects an immune cell, it can enter one of two states: activation, where the virus replicates and then destroys the host cell; and latency, where the viral genetic material continues to exist in the cell, but there is no production of additional virus. "While latency is a ticking time bomb," said Simpson, "a possible therapeutic goal could be to stably maintain latency indefinitely." Previous work by Weinberger found that the genetic circuit that controls whether HIV chooses to go active or latent is not a simple "on-off" switch, but instead is controlled by a type of genetic pulse -- when the pulse lasts a certain amount of time, the switch will activate replication of the virus. Now the three researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to manipulate the lengths of the pulses in a way that would favor the selection of latency. This is vital, said Simpson, because the switch is a definitive factor in whether the virus will become active. If the pulse does not last long enough, he said, the virus cannot become active. "This is an early step, but an encouraging one," said Simpson. "HIV has evolved a very effective infection strategy, so the name of the game is understanding how that strategy operates in order to find a way to defeat it." A challenge of the work, according to Simpson, is that the process involved in how the switch operates cannot be directly observed. Instead, the researchers had to rely on an analysis of the "noise" created within the cell by the process to determine how it worked. Simpson and Dar conducted their work in the Center for Nanophase Materials Science at ORNL, a recently opened facility that Simpson says has made this type of analysis possible. Moving forward, the next step in the research is to determine whether it is viable to attempt to control the switch as part of therapeutic treatment for HIV. The researchers also hope to apply the techniques they used to understanding the operation of other types of human cells. (Full article can be purchased at: http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ng.116.html) Adapted from materials provided by University of Tennessee at Knoxville, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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